關代教學

人
主格：who
受格：who/whom
所有格：whose

事物，動物
主格：which
受格：which
所有格：whose

目錄：
1.     主格受格
2.     主格省略
3.     受格省略
4.     that
5.     限定用法、補述用法
6.     所有格
7.     what
8.     where

1. 主格受格 

跟人有關係的關代受格，可以用who也可以用whom。通常都可以互換。
只有一種狀況不可以互換，只能用whom，那就是介系詞之後，一定用whom。

Susan talks to the woman.
The woman is singing.
→ Susan talks to the woman _____ is singing. (只能用who，因為這是主格)
→ The woman _____ Susan talks to is singing. (可用who也可用whom，因為這是受格）
→ The woman to _____  Susan talks is singing. （只能用whom，這是受格，而且在介詞後）

The girl is playing with the boy.
The boy has blond hair.
→ The girl is playing with the boy _____ has blond hair. （只能用who，因為這是主格）
→ The boy _____ the girl is playing with has blond hair. （可用who也可用whom，因為受格）
→ The boy with _____ the girl is playing has blond hair.（只能用whom，受格，而且在介詞後）

The man is walking a dog.
The dog has black fur.
→ The man is walking a dog _____ has black fur.　（只能用which，動物的主格受格都是which)
→ The dog ______ the man is walking has black fur.（只能用which，動物的主格受格都是which)

 2. 主格省略 

基本上關代主格不能省略。

3. 受格省略

基本上關代受格都可以省略。
只有一種狀況不可以省略，那就是介系詞之後，人用whom，不能用who，事物動物用which。

to whom
X to who （介系詞後加受格關代，指人，不能用who）
to which

The woman whom Susan is talking to is beautiful.
The woman to whom Susan is talking is beautiful.
X The woman to who Susan is talking is beautiful.

The boy whom the girl is playing with is blond.
The boy with whom the girl is playing is blond.
X The boy with who the girl is playing is blond.

4. That

一定用that的狀況

先行詞有人有事物或動物的時候，一定用that。另外有看過很多文法書，會寫如果先行詞是最高級，或是包含序數（像是first, second)，或是包含 any, every, some這一類的字的時候，也是一定用that。這個原則台灣考試用用就好了，一般英文其實沒有這個原則。所以我這裡只介紹一般英文之中，一定會用that的原則。

Susan and her dog _____ are in the park seem happy. （只能用that，不用who不用which）
The man and his servant _______ I saw at the airport are now at the hotel.
The woman lost her child and her suitcase _______ were both on the train.

一定不用that

有兩種狀況一定不用that。第一種是關代之前有逗號的時候，這是補述用法，接下來會再介紹補述用法跟限定用法是什麼。這裡只需要記，關代前面有逗號時，就不要用that。第二種是關代前面有介系詞的時候，不要用that。

The secretary, _______ is sexy, is popular in the office.
The secretary _______ is sexy is popular in the office.
The dog with _______ the boy is playing has black fur.

5. 限定用法 vs. 補述用法

限定用法 沒有逗號
補述用法 有逗號

My brother who is studying in the UK is coming back to Taiwan. 限定用法

My brother, who is studying in the UK, is coming back to Taiwan. 補述用法

I donated money to charities which help stray dogs. 限定用法
I donated money to charities, which help stray dogs. 補述用法

限定用法是句子中的必要資訊，補充用法的部份可以省略，不是句子中的必要資訊。
有逗號，也就是補述用法的時候，關代的先行詞指的是全部，如果先行詞是單數，那就是只有那一個，如果先行詞是複數，那就是全部都這樣。

比如說：

My brother who is studying in the UK is coming back to Taiwan. 限定用法
我的brothers很多位，其中一位在英國唸書。


My brother, who is studying in the UK, is coming back to Taiwan. 補述用法
我的brother只有一位，他在英國唸書。

I donated money to charities which help stray dogs. 限定用法
Charities很多，其中一個或一些help stray dogs。

I donated money to charities, which help stray dogs. 補述用法
所有提到的charities都跟help stray dogs有關。


6. 所有格

人或事物、動物都用whose

whose = noun’s = 先行詞的所有格

The woman’s hair is red.
The woman is pretty.
→ The woman _______ hair is red is pretty. (whose)

The man’s suitcase is expensive.
The man is rich.
→ The man _______ suitcase is expensive is rich. (whose)

The dog’s owner is the boy.
The dog has big eyes.
→ The dog _______ owner is the boy has big eyes. (whose)

7. What

what = the thing which = 先行詞 + 關代

I brought you the thing which you want.
→ I brought you what you want. 

Can you please tell me the thing which I need to know?
→ Can you please tell me what I need to know? 

8. Where

where = in/at/on/to which 
注意不是只要是地點，關代就全部改where，要看還原之後的句子長怎樣。
Where 代表的是 in/at/on/to which，有包含到介系詞。
如果還原後的句子中沒有介系詞的話，地點就當一般的名詞使用，用which不用where。

I want to buy the house.
The house is big.
→ I want to buy the house _______ is big. (which)

I want to buy the house.
I grew up in the house. 
→ I want to buy the house _______ I grew up in. (which)
→ I would to buy the house _______ I grew up. (where) (注意有where這一句就沒有in）
→ I want to buy the house in _______ I grew up. (which) 

Adam will visit the city.
The city is famous for its French food.
→ Adam will visit the city _______ is famous for its French food. (which)

Adam will visit the city.
Mary lives in the city.
→ Adam will visit the city _______ Mary lives. (where)
→ Adam will visit the city _______ Mary lives in. (which)

Adam will visit the city.
Mary wants to visit the city as well.
→ Adam will visit the city _______ Mary wants to visit as well. (which)
這裡the city當一個一般的名詞。還原的句子中沒有介系詞，所以不用where。